The following Long COVID mechanisms described in the literature¹˒² have direct relationships with PGE2 activity.
Persistent PGE2 upregulation may promote:

• viral persistence and reactivation³
• pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate PGE2 production (cytokine storms)⁴⁻⁶
• autoantibodies and class switching⁷⁻⁹, and autoimmunity¹⁰˒¹¹
• thrombotic processes, via EP3¹² and via COX-2¹³/TXA2 production¹⁴
• microbiome disruption¹⁵⁻¹⁷ and bacterial translocation¹⁸
• mitochondrial dysfunction¹⁹⁻²¹
• endothelial dysfunction²²˒²³
• inhibition of serotonin production and secretion²⁴˒²⁵
• autonomic nervous system dysfunction²⁶⁻²⁸

This broad involvement suggests that PGE2 may act upstream of multiple pathways contributing to the heterogeneous manifestations of Long COVID and proposedly related syndromes.

Referenties

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