{"id":3340,"date":"2026-04-24T10:54:30","date_gmt":"2026-04-24T10:54:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/?page_id=3340"},"modified":"2026-08-25T21:50:17","modified_gmt":"2026-08-25T21:50:17","slug":"pge2-stimulates-autoantibodies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/?page_id=3340","title":{"rendered":"PGE2 stimulates autoantibodies and their class switching"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3340\" class=\"elementor elementor-3340\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-252c0a6b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"252c0a6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f8feba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f8feba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PGE2 stimulates autoantibodies and their class switching<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ae1d706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ae1d706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><br \/>Upregulation of autoantibodies (aabs) of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class to GPCRs has been observed in both COVID-19 <sup>1,2<\/sup>and LC patients <sup>3,4<\/sup>. Animals experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 also generate functional aabs against GPCRs <sup>5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>PGE2 has been shown to stimulate the production and class switching of autoantibodies from the immunoglobulin M (IgM) to IgG <sup>6<\/sup> or IgE types <sup>7<\/sup> <sup>8,9<\/sup>, through the cAMP pathway (EP2\/EP4) <sup>10<\/sup>. Aabs can modulate the binding of true ligands. We suggest that PGE2 may hinder ligand binding in COVID-19 and LC through aab production <sup>11,12<\/sup>.\u00a0<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sacchi, M. C.<em> et al.<\/em> SARS-CoV-2 infection as a trigger of autoimmune response. <em>Clin Transl Sci<\/em> <strong>14<\/strong>, 898-907 (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cts.12953\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cts.12953<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Geanes, E. S., McLennan, R., LeMaster, C. &amp; Bradley, T. Autoantibodies to ACE2 and immune molecules are associated with COVID-19 disease severity. <em>Communications Medicine<\/em> <strong>4<\/strong>, 47 (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00477-z\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00477-z<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Talwar, S., Harker, J. A., Openshaw, P. J. M. &amp; Thwaites, R. S. Autoimmunity in long COVID. <em>Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology<\/em> <strong>155<\/strong>, 1082-1094 (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.005\">https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.005<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sotzny, F.<em> et al.<\/em> Dysregulated autoantibodies targeting vaso- and immunoregulatory receptors in Post COVID Syndrome correlate with symptom severity. <em>Frontiers in Immunology<\/em> <strong>Volume 13 &#8211; 2022<\/strong> (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.981532\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.981532<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Wallukat, G., Wernike, K., Bachamanda Somesh, D., Mettenleiter, T. C. &amp; M\u00fcller, J. Animals Experimentally Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Generate Functional Autoantibodies against G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. <em>Biomedicines<\/em> <strong>11<\/strong> (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11102668\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11102668<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stein, S. H. &amp; Phipps, R. P. Antigen-specific IGG2A production in response to prostaglandin E2, immune complexes, and IFN-gamma. <em>The Journal of Immunology<\/em> <strong>147<\/strong>, 2500-2506 (1991). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.147.8.2500\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.147.8.2500<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fedyk, E. R. &amp; Phipps, R. P. Prostaglandin E2 receptors of the EP2 and EP4 subtypes regulate activation and differentiation of mouse B lymphocytes to IgE-secreting cells. <em>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A<\/em> <strong>93<\/strong>, 10978-10983 (1996). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.93.20.10978\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.93.20.10978<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ishihara, Y.<em> et al.<\/em> Regulation of Immunoglobulin G2 Production by Prostaglandin E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; and Platelet-Activating Factor. <em>Infection and Immunity<\/em> <strong>68<\/strong>, 1563-1568 (2000). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.1128\/iai.68.3.1563-1568.2000\">https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.1128\/iai.68.3.1563-1568.2000<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Roper, R. L. &amp; Phipps, R. P. Prostaglandin E2 and cAMP inhibit B lymphocyte activation and simultaneously promote IgE and IgG1 synthesis. <em>J Immunol<\/em> <strong>149<\/strong>, 2984-2991 (1992).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tsuge, K., Inazumi, T., Shimamoto, A. &amp; Sugimoto, Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying prostaglandin E2-exacerbated inflammation and immune diseases. <em>Int Immunol<\/em> <strong>31<\/strong>, 597-606 (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/dxz021\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/dxz021<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ludwig, R. J.<em> et al.<\/em> Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Pathology. <em>Frontiers in Immunology<\/em> <strong>Volume 8 &#8211; 2017<\/strong> (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00603\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00603<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Meyer, C. &amp; Heidecke, H. Antibodies Against GPCR. <em>Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)<\/em> <strong>23<\/strong>, 2177-2194 (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/4698\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/4698<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PGE2 stimulates autoantibodies and their class switching Upregulation of autoantibodies (aabs) of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class to GPCRs has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3340","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3340","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3340"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3340\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5817,"href":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3340\/revisions\/5817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pge2-hypothesis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}